【Definition】
Chinese opera mask are actors''s face painting, for the theatrical makeup at the time of the plastic arts.

【Features】
The main features of mask has the following three points: First, the contradiction of beauty and uglyies reunification; two, and the role of personality are closely related; three, and its logo are stylized.
Mask for different business, the situation is different. "Health", "Dan" facial make-up easy, little powder, called "play-jun", "Su-noodle," "Cleansing." And "net line" and "scandalous behavior" Face painting is rather complicated, especially the net, are trick paint, and design complex, referred to as the "Erhualian." Types of facial makeup in operas, mainly referring to the net face painting.

Chinese Peking Opera facial makeup of the broad masses of the arts are very fond of opera lovers of the arts, popular at home and abroad a wide range of U.S. has been recognized as the traditional Chinese cultural identity.
Mask from the stage, everyone in some large buildings, merchandise packaging, on a variety of porcelain and dressed up people can see different styles of facial image. This goes far beyond the scope of application of the stage is reflected in the arts in people's faces quickly occupied the position of the eyes that mask has a strong vitality. Lot of international friends, the people out of the domestic Chinese opera mask of curiosity and love, are exploring the mysteries of types of facial makeup.

【Face】 categories
Face more or less everyone to see can be summed up in two categories, of types of facial makeup are arts and crafts. These types of facial makeup are the author according to their own thinking to imagine that at脸形on gypsum materials, using painting, weaving, embroidery and other methods to produce different patterns, color changes in a variety of types of facial makeup designs products, such types of facial makeup has some ornamental value! The other is the stage of practical mask. This type of mask is based on the story and the characters required, actors use exaggerated approach outlined at the faces in different colors, different designs and patterns of the mask.

【Mask the origin of】
About the origin of the stage mask have several theories, one from my country are the Northern and Southern Dynasties Northern Qi Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty Song and Dance show, also known as Large or noodle,King of Lang Ling are in order to extol the exploits and virtues which alone make the man objects that are highKing of Lang Linglong Yasuhisa, brave Solider,looks like woman, each play, all wearing masks ferocious, often win the day. It is created in order to extolKing of Lang Lingsolo man, also masked. Actor on stage opera mask is used to help outline the role played by the characters personality characteristics, facial characteristics, identity status, the stage of implementation rich color and beautify the effect of the stage, the stage is to mask people's minds the idea and perception of harmonic unity.

【Introduction】

Related to the types of facial makeup
Red face symbol of loyalty, upright, there is bloody, such as: "Three Kingdoms Opera"'s Guan Yu, "cut by the Church" and the Wu.
Others: there is ironic that the good guys leave.
Guan Yu (red full face)
Black faces not only the performance of solemn character,laughless, such as "Bao Gong Opera" in the Bao Zheng; also a symbol of a mighty and strong, rude forthright, such as: "Three Kingdoms Opera" in the Zhang Fei, "Water Margin Opera" in the Li Kui, "Yang Pai wind "in JiaoZhai.
Others: Yin and Yang in the Yam said, for the ghost. Color than black or look ugly.
Zhang Fei (black door Butterfly Cross Face)
White face treacherous paranoid performance, such as: "Three Kingdoms Opera" Cao Cao in the "fight Yan Song," in Yan Song.
Cao Cao (the whole white face)
The performance of the blue face outspoken personality, defiant, such as: "on the rooftops" in MA Wu, "a series of sets of" Seoul's sinus pier.
Dou Er Tun (Blue Flower Face 3 watts)
Purple face solemn performance, stable, full of righteousness, such as: "using the power of prayer" in Xu RouZhao, "Fish Sword" in Emporal family.
Others: looking bad, the ugly.
Zhang Yi-he (3-watt purple face)
Powerful symbol of the golden face solemn, the performance of the role of a class of immortals. Such as: "Havoc in Heaven" in the Buddha,2nd Gentlman God.
Mirs (golden Pictographic face)
Green brave face, rash. Such as: "White Beach" in the Xu Shiying
Others: outlaw.
Yellow: the general performance of fierce character. Such as "Nanyang days" in.
Brown and pink: compare the performance of the elderly integrity.
Gold, silver: for the Buddha and the gods for a class of characters, such as Buddha. Sometimes also used to have some of the more powerful of the Gremlin.
Net angle purple face: between black and red purple and white between the upright dignity of the characters and the loyalty and the desire of the characters commonly used purple face, "Vuko field" in the regular Yuchun, the "big Baoguo", some characters in fiction or non-governmental oral literature described as purplehave used the purple face, such as "village" in the Pu-day birds, "Zhaoxian town" in the reactive Fader, "Changsha war" in the Wei. Some characters are used in order to face purple with the same distinction in other roles, such as "Baishou map" of the Big Dipper are vis-à-vis the SouthDouxing become mighty, and "mouth" in the use of purple are express its ugly appearance.
Net angle pink face: the face of general symbolic pink cop elderly people, such as "take the Luoyang" in Su-xian, "Panhe war" in the Yuan Shao, "four-jie village" and so on in the flower Canice.
Net angle green face: green face fierce temper for the general meaning, and black face has similar intention, and some of the bandits the use of green face-type characters. Such as "White Beach" Medium Green Noodles tiger, "Renqing Top Chu" in MacLeod, "missing son scared crazy" eyes of gold leopard, "Death Biography" in Cheng Yaojin such.
Net angle blue face: blue generally express strong and insidious, in the types of facial makeup in blue and green similar meaning, are an extension of black, strong and express character of characters, such as "take the Luoyang" in MA Wu, sinister characters express personality such as the "Sit nest" in, "Jianfeng Mountain" in the Jiao far, "a series of sets," such as the sinus Luvsangiin.
Net angle yellow face: yellow brave face swift and fierce moral character or violent cruel, such as "wheel war" YUWEN in Chengdu, "Dongting Lake" in Yang Yao, said the figures such as violent and cruel character of the of Ji Liao, "war" in such.

Net angle gold silver face: gold, silver and white mask at Genie in a much broader application, indicating cash Noodles fairy light, unearthly, such as "On days", and a "bottomless pit", "peach will" Medium Yang Jian (Jiro God), "Hong-Mei Mountain" in the leopard, "Tongguan attack" in the gold hook咤are golden face, "attacking Tongguan" Medium wooden hook silver face. Some generals, for the express invincible bravery also used gold to help the parents by types of facial makeup, such as "block out"of Gold, "Siping Mountain" of Li Pa, when it comes to the Genie mask, should be emphasized here that predecessors are well-known actor object to put the Genie outlined strange mask or ghastly terror, do not put a real snake centipede draw at his face, but also object to the shape of the skull and other ghastly draw at mask, they think it will not only detrimental to the stage of beauty artistic principles, but also it looked scared, harmful to the stage performances, is a simple, artistic attainments of the practice is not high, although the types of facial makeup are Genie, people should also make comparisons with similar noodle.
Net angle tile gray face and ocher face: gray and blue tile at the meaning of similar types of facial makeup applications, such as tile gray face "River" in the uri black, ocher and purple of the significance of similar such as "Colorful floor allocationin "cages Mountain" When the fans.
Net face angle: between blue-green between the intention, such as, "Single will be" in the forehead hoo, at"Qingshi Mountain" with golden forehead, express their death into a god.
"Mask" refers to the traditional Chinese theater actor in facial color cosmetics. This is mainly used facial make-up net (Erhualian) and ugly (the clown). Its form, color and type of must have on the format. Experts from the mask on the audience can tell this is the role of hero or villain, smart or foolish, loved one or offensive. Peking Opera facial makeup of that charming Chinese drama at numerous facial make-up occupies a special position. Peking Opera facial makeup of the "symbolic" and "exaggeration" of the said. It is through the use of exaggeration and distortion of the graphics to show the role of personality characteristics. The eyes, forehead and cheeks are usually painted bats, butterflies or swallow-like wings, plus exaggerated mouth and nose to create the necessary effect of the face.

【Face】 history
The emergence of types of facial makeup has a long history. Mask originated in the mask, mask will draw graphics directly at his face, and draw a mask put graphics or casting at the top and then at something else to wear in the face, in Chinese ancient times, religious activities and has witch Nuo dance dance, dance were often masked. Chengdu, Sichuan in the north of Ancient Ruins "Sanxingdui" unearthed cultural relics, there are dozens of bronze masks, are now before the 4000 Shu Wang Yufu held sacrificial rite supplies. Northern Qi Gong兰陵王long, fierce temperament Wugong high-strength, but looks like a handsome woman, to bring him to fight on the mask to enable them to Granville. Tang Dynasty Song and Dance "into the array兰陵王Qu", the actor playing兰陵王should bring a mask. This is probably the origin of drama in the mask.

【Related records】
Ancient mask with easy on the symbols, "the concept of symbols" and "" emoticons "to express a particular concept or expression. To the opera, these symbols on the draw directly at his face, the expression of more complex rich concepts and expressions. Tang dynasty there, "Mr Noodles" the records, Meng Jiao in "弦歌line," Lane wrote: "Flooding hit advocating sharing flute, thin noodle but ghost stained teeth white", that is demonstrated by the performance of dye coated face the image of ghosts and spirits.徐梦Xin Song, "three north door will compile" and "Medium-ching Kang Rank" VI records of both talent臣以Song "粉墨make excellent show,"口浮言the urban offensive language to mislead and confuse the emperor. Song "Tu Noodles" divide "Cleansing" and "surface" categories, flower noodle is also very simple. draw a white nose, red eyes, the purpose of "at Comic Works." Since the Song Dynasty, the Branch account nickname a large proportion. Zaju the prevalence of the Yuan Dynasty, in the "big brokerages are scattered Lok Zhong Xiu to do in this field" substantial murals, there are positive character of the Yuan Dynasty, "the whole face," the spectrum of style, broke through the net that the past Vice kinds of black lines against a white background the basic style, with a certain character colors.

Ming has been performed by opera legend of the world drama, performing rich business meticulous division of labor is a net sub-net (Large), Vice-net (two noodle) and ugly (three noodle). Draw all types of facial makeup ugly net, each role has a dedicated spectrum. Its background is based on many literature depicts rapper or an actor to imagine their own design. Background such as Guan Yu are red, Bao is black. The basic spectral type are exaggerated眉眼part. People to stay in the Ming Dynasty hair, facial draw at the following places, people in the Qing Dynasty留辫子, head shaved to the forehead above mask also draw more than the forehead. Ratio patterns have also changed. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, there is fan mask there is Jane, the same background. The mid-Qing Dynasty, the rise of local opera, net of the ugly mask of each place vary greatly, there is obvious local characteristics and folk art style, all kinds of local opera about more than 300 operas, mostly in the 18th century after the rise. Play prosperous place, making character repertoire themes growing business more detailed division of labor. Net line apart from being a net Vice net, but also add a net force. An increase of blue color, green, yellow, gray, orange.

【Classification】 Face
According to describe the way facial coloring, divided into: rubbing, hooks, clean, break the four basic types.
Rubbing face: a mighty and dignified, the whole color-oriented, adding features to achieve texture. Is a very ancient form of mask.
Hook face: colorful, design-rich, complex beauty, colorful, and some gold deposited silver, very beautiful.
Wiping face: for many light-colored, thinking that powder coating on the face, not to show the true face of people, highlight the fraudulent nature of the wrong.
Fall out: asymmetric face, about different or is intended to describe the ugly face of the role than a negative.
Mask pattern in accordance with, but also mask is divided into the following four:
The entire face: the most primitive types of facial makeup, using Diophrys noodle places and faces are divided into two parts of mask.
3-watt face: at the whole face of the foundation put on re-use your mouth and nose into the face mask around.
Flower 3-watt face: 3 watts put faces Fringe boundaries, together with the various types of facial makeup pattern.
Broken face: a variant of face 3-watt, and its delineation of the edge of a great flower-shaped, destroyed the original contour.
【Face】 patterns
Mask pattern is very rich, largely divided into the forehead map眉型chart, orbital diagram, Fig nest nose, mouth fork diagram, mouth under the plan. Each site design is very dynamic and there is no theory of law, such as:
Bao Zheng and his forehead has a white crescent, said upright and honest. Mengliang forehead there is one red suit and hands-loving people to drink this. Wen Zhong, Yang Jian draw has three, from the classical legend. Genius,煞神, how leopard faces, highlighting its characteristics demon spirits. Yang has seven Long forehead Traditional 1 "tiger" character to demonstrate their fierce invincible. Zhao Kuangyin express the long eyebrow true emperor dragon. Leigong types of facial makeup in one there is thunder and lightning patterns. Jiang draw on his forehead there is yin and yang diagram, express God妙算machine.夏侯惇orbital箭伤received, so draw on that red dot. Dou Er Tun, Code Granville mask on and others have their best weapons designs. Wang Tau chapter draw toad that are water-animal reincarnation. Noodles赵公draw out money, and said that he was God of Wealth. Big Dipper Jun Qixing draw up plans in places.

【Face】 role
Mask the role of personality in addition to that, but also hinted that the role of the various situations, such as eyes XiangYu draw as a "cry of," implying that he's a tragic ending, Baogong frown implied worry about him thinking, the Monkey King Monkey-shaped face implying that he is the Monkey. Another role is to "distance" and started the play with the audience's psychological distance. Face the audience to distinguish clear picture of the true actor, and with real life looks very different characters, such as with a mask. This makes the audience is not easy "to play" and avoid hallucination, but rather concentrate on aesthetics and appreciation. In addition, the "big Erhualian" and "Jun-play" game at the same time, in sharp contrast, but also highlights the health, Dan's pretty ugly on the phase and the net capacity of the bizarre. At the same time, the thick mask, clear oil and a variety of patterns, matching the net on the "roar" type of rough Tune, forming a strong artistic stimulation, played on the audience excited, give vent to their role and vibration.

Mask is not absolutely fixed, because of staged operas, the role of age, an actor and a slight difference between different脸形. In addition, the actors draw facial makeup of the performances, there is a principle that the presence of various roles at the same time, the facial makeup of the special tone colors are not "re-committed," such as "长坂坡" Medium曹营eight will play simultaneously, with the exception of张辽not hook face, the other seven people have to one person the same color, should not the same. This purpose are in different colors in order to beautiful, long-distance at the same time let the audience will not be, confusion of roles. Net line of the complexity of the most abundant types of facial makeup. King Chu of Peking Opera facial makeup is called "unique faces" for the King of Chu dedicated. It is said that King of Chu was a handsome man, but to kill him numerous violent temperament, draw into Erhualian; because he is a tragic figure, draw two eyes Department oblique downward block out the shadow, it is clear that the Deputy哭丧face. XiangYu background of the mask are hidden, such a tone that treacherous, cruel. In people's impression, XiangYu are bloody man, in particular, Farewell My Concubine, which fully demonstrates the deep feelings, unforgettable, but its face only two colors black and white, no red. This situation shows that there are many types of facial makeup in question worthy of study.


Beijing Opera mask of clay
First, mask the original source
Facial development with the development of Chinese opera can not be separated. Originated in the history of the "on behalf of Noodles." According to the "old Tang book" records, at around the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, there is "on behalf of Noodles" that "mask dance" The emergence of this should be the facial makeup of the originator. Guizhou's "Nuo Opera" mask is the mask of the living fossil. With the development of opera, wearing a mask is not conducive to the performances the actors facial performances, art paint used directly in the face outline, makeup, gradually formed on the mask.

Face of Chinese traditional operas are using a variety of colors at actor into facial lines outlined by the special spectral-type pattern. Net, ugly mask are used as facial make-up of the main roles, some students also used the role of Dan mask. Mask is used to show that the characters in the play face, personality characteristics, stage arts to enrich color, the effect of strengthening the performance. Mask, as are species of art creation, stage arts are inherent in the overall component. Types of facial makeup are put by the idea of the shape your mouth and nose constitute脸膛color patterns and organize themselves to face graffiti at the actors to create the perception of pictorial beauty. Mask with the show are created by the formation. Most of the various characters have their own specific style and color of the spectrum, types of facial makeup in order to highlight the personality characteristics of people with "Yu appraise, do good and evil," the art of function, so that they can watch their appearance, knowing mind.

Second, the formation of facial makeup of Beijing Opera
Peking Opera facial makeup are at end of the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century opera was then evolving. Peking Opera facial makeup lessons in the process of forming a lot of places the mask opera drama. Basic types of facial makeup in the local opera to be taken on priority waste inferior. After several generations of well-known actor and opera artists, continuous exploration and research, reform, the formation of the current types of facial makeup of Beijing Opera. Types of facial makeup of Beijing Opera is on stage opera mask has the largest, most complete facial system.

Types of facial makeup of Beijing Opera facial makeup of the traditional Chinese are big branch lines, there is transparency mask and its own characteristics. Draws on Peking Opera facial makeup emblem, Han, Kun, Chin, the Opera experience. From the very beginning, with a more complete systematic, traditional Chinese opera mask are all performing arts an integral part, left the stage and movie characters, types of facial makeup will lose its fundamental significance.

Net play, ugly hook face angle with the Health and wipe colors, pictures旦角powder are similar in nature to the facial make-up means. Have to with the line head,切末style mask characters, such as harmonization, and to sing, read, make, play and look at performances and other forms of coordination, are therefore acting Units opera before and after the integration of artistic work. Spectral type of a mask, a mask with the play to be entailed in this whole arena art, and this is the art of holistic facial.
Three, Beijing opera mask color sense

Opera facial makeup of Beijing Opera facial makeup are colored with the most drama, the so-called mask color is the main color脸膛concerned, there is red, purple, black, white, blue, green, yellow, pink, brown, red, gold, silver and other colors , the second is used to enrich imagination and exaggerated approach, highlighting the complex repertoire of characters, seen in the stage.

Focused on Peking Opera facial makeup of shape, God, Italy, the performance of a variety of characters loyalty, cunning, good, evil appraise meaning, love and hate divided, but also have caused changes in coloring, drawing hook delicate, rich designs the United States, with a distinct ideological and artistic. Characters of the play depicts exaggerated color is the play of the exaggerated characters. Mask pattern used on the surface there is other colors, there is the role of main color contrast. Generally speaking, the representatives of the Red Zhongyong, integrity; black representatives of bold, straightforward; White represents treacherous, vicious, insidious; white oil on behalf of conceited, domineering; blue representatives of high-valiant; Greenpeace representatives tenacity, chivalrous; yellow on behalf of violent, calm; gray枭雄on behalf of the elderly; purple Zhiyong just on behalf of justice, dignity upright; gold silver on behalf of God, Buddha, ghosts, Wizard.

Peking Opera facial makeup colors are not absolute, there is flexibility. Such as: red at the performance of the characters in the play Three Kingdoms Guan Yu, a representative of their utter devotion. But in "Famen Temple" in the eunuch Liu Jin Although red faces are on behalf of its养尊处优, the right pressure courtier; such as: "Water Margin"晁盖figures, although the play is "3-watt yellow face" is not here on behalf of its violent calmly, but on behalf of their facial hair color yellow, red Yintang an oval outline, one is known to look on the old upright uprising heroes; such as: "eight sledgehammer" of golden兀术used for gold, not a fairy, wizard, but on behalf of his family name Kim. This mask is totally "the words too literally," explanation, that this should not mask the real meaning.
Four, Beijing opera mask clay

Beijing's clay mask painting originated in the late Qing Dynasty. Who put on the opera stage into a clay facial mask painted ones? People vary. Comparison of popular saying is "Erhualian seeds." Types of facial makeup in Beijing in the history of development of clay, circulating such a story. Twenty-five years passed ching Guangxu (1894) before and after living in Beijing's Xicheng surnamed the旗人Gui, who can draw good poem is also a fond fancier of Peking opera. Eating, "Paul Rice" that is, a living salary, playing time at leisure, he saw the temple there is mud on kneading the clay figurine, whim, and make a face using clay-type mold, turn to do some泥坯drying do later, modeled on the mask stage泥坯give outline coloring color, mask made after the show their own best friend want to watch Friends feel good. Mr. Gui had sub-types of facial makeup to his friends, one to go two,天长日久people all know he will make a clay mask. So come for the people painting gradually grown, in the city famous. Gui name because the most adept at drawing the "net corner" mask, so people called him "Erhualian seeds."

Revolution, the abolition of旗人钱粮"Paul" of the old system. "Erhualian seeds" in order to try to make a living, to do at home on clay mask to the temple go up for sale. Initially sent some samples, to the白塔寺of Lee Kee grocery stalls, quickly sold out. After delivery regardless of how much can be sold at any time, always in short supply. Lee Kee store, therefore not only profit, but sales clay mask made a name in Beijing. From then on clay as the Beijing Peking Opera mask start folk art popular in Beijing, because of clay mask active market, the rapid development of Beijing Opera facial makeup clay. Face make up many of the people. Following the more famous "Erhualian seeds" after the capital has emerged such as white-lin, Wang Jin Tian, Li Shan, three Zhao, Yong-Nian Zhao, Li Keming, Ma son, Tang Kun,韩启泰, double from Raymond, and other famous杨玉栋.

Clay art mask is handmade in the home, then got the temple or operator of the shop into selling works of art. Liu had said rehabilitation: In the old handicraft Dong has a shop "Songjukmae" (XING Jing An founder) shop for the operation of clay mask. Make clay facial makeup of the early liberation of several veteran artists Joint Working Group, after the establishment of colorful plants in Beijing, and later transferred to the special three plants Arts. In the nineties third plant operators and production slump, after I put this mask artistic heritage and develop, in 1995 founded the Beijing Xin Xing handicraft factory, professional production and development of Beijing Opera facial makeup clay but also the development of gypsum, paper the system of different materials and types of facial makeup of Beijing Opera facial makeup clay register the "Beijing bat" trademarks, registered trademarks of mask is the first time domestic.

Friday, facial makeup of Beijing Opera production of clay
Types of facial makeup of Beijing Opera production of clay at least have a dozen or so processes. First need to find a better clay texture, fineness, and then poured over water, then knead repeatedly throw, do a good job of mold types of facial makeup, put up with good clay molds carved billet, want坯子on dry cool place, not to exposure to prevent chapped坯子.坯子after凉干polished white polished up and then up at坯子painting, painting, bar髯口, helmet ornaments on such a work is complete. Clay mask to eat most of the martial arts are painting, clay mask in Beijing about warping, composition strict lines smooth, accurate location, color Ming-Li, and be good at portraying the character and prominent figures, draw attention to workers, known as "three-type colorful" known. In the painting, the red, black two-color画完still on after the varnish, white, green, yellow, blue and pink are painted with pigments hook. Because of black and red paint used to enhance the brightness, color can highlight and make it have a general color in sharp contrast, gives a sprightly sense of vision.

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